New measles case in Victoria

What is the issue?

A new case of measles has been reported in Victoria in an adult who likely acquired their infection during overseas travel. Measles is a highly infectious viral disease that can lead to uncommon but serious complications, such as pneumonia and brain inflammation (encephalitis).

Check the list of active public exposure sites in Victoria:

Public exposure sites

Anyone who has attended a listed exposure site during the specified dates and times above should monitor for symptoms for up to 18 days after the exposure and follow the recommendations below.

There is an ongoing risk of measles being imported by travellers returning from overseas or interstate. Victoria has seen a significantly higher than usual number of measles cases this year, including cases who acquired their infection locally.

Recent measles cases have been reported in other jurisdictions such as Western Australia and Queensland. Global case numbers of measles are rising across multiple regions including Asia, Europe, North America, Africa and the Middle East. Outbreaks are reported in multiple neighbouring countries including Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Philippines and India. Any overseas travel could lead to measles exposure.

Measles vaccination coverage rates in Australia are below the 95% national target and most recent measles cases in Victoria have occurred in people who have not had two documented doses of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine.

Anyone who presents with signs and symptoms compatible with measles should be tested, isolated and notified to the Local Public Health Unit immediately by calling 1300 651 160. There should be an especially high level of suspicion if they have travelled overseas, visited any of the listed public exposure sites or are unvaccinated or partially vaccinated for measles.

Who is at risk?

Anyone born during or since 1966 who does not have documented evidence of having received two doses of a measles-containing vaccine, or does not have documented evidence of immunity, is at risk of measles.

Unvaccinated infants are at particularly high risk. Many Victorians born between 1966 and 1992 may not have received two doses of vaccine, which are required to provide immunity.

Young infants, pregnant women and people with a weakened immune system are at increased risk of serious complications from measles.

Symptoms and transmission

Symptoms of measles include fever, cough, sore or red eyes (conjunctivitis), runny nose, and feeling generally unwell, followed by a red maculopapular rash. The rash usually starts on the face before spreading down the body. Symptoms can develop between 7 to 18 days after exposure.

Initial symptoms of measles may be similar to those of respiratory infections such as COVID-19 and influenza. If a symptomatic person tests negative for COVID-19 and/or influenza but develops a rash, they should be advised to continue isolating and be tested for measles.

People with measles are considered infectious from 24 hours prior to the onset of initial symptoms until 4 days after the rash appears. Measles is highly infectious and can spread through airborne droplets or contact with nose or throat secretions, as well as contaminated surfaces and objects. The measles virus can stay in the environment for up to 2 hours.

Figures: Example of a typical measles rash

Recommendations

For the general public

• Anyone who has attended a listed exposure site during the specified dates and times should monitor for symptoms for up to 18 days after the exposure and seek medical care if symptoms develop.
• Anyone who attended a listed exposure site and is not fully vaccinated for measles may be eligible to receive the MMR vaccine if they present within 72 hours (3 days) of exposure. Anyone who is immunocompromised or pregnant and not fully vaccinated for measles should seek medical review if within 6 days of exposure to a measles case.
• Anyone who develops symptoms of measles should seek medical care and testing for measles. Call the health service beforehand to advise that you may have been exposed to measles and wear a face mask.
• Vaccination is the best way to protect yourself and others. Check if you’re protected against measles today. If you haven’t had two doses, or you don’t know, visit your GP or pharmacy for a catch-up MMR vaccine.
• The MMR vaccine is free for all Victorians born during or since 1966. Vaccination is available from a wide range of immunisation providers in Victoria including GPs, pharmacies, local councils and Aboriginal Health Services.
• There are growing measles outbreaks around the world, and anyone travelling overseas should make sure they have received appropriate travel vaccinations, including the MMR vaccine. Vaccination is recommended at least two weeks before departure.

For health professionals

• For persons born during or after 1966 who have attended an exposure site and are not fully vaccinated, offer MMR vaccine within 72 hours of measles exposure to prevent illness. Normal human immunoglobulin (NHIG) within 6 days may be suitable for young infants, pregnant or immunocompromised people who are not fully vaccinated.
• Be alert for measles in patients with fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis and rash, especially if they are unvaccinated, partially vaccinated or unsure of their MMR status.
• Anyone who presents with signs and symptoms compatible with measles should be tested, isolated and notified to the Local Public Health Unit by calling 1300 651 160.
• Test for measles via nasopharyngeal swab PCR and serology in any patients with compatible symptoms. Label PCR samples as ‘urgent’ and sent to VIDRL via your primary pathology provider.
• Minimise the risk of measles transmission within your practice/department/community:
  • avoid keeping patients with fever and rash in shared waiting areas (send to a separate room).
  • if measles is suspected, give the patient a single use, fitted face mask and isolate under airborne precautions until a measles diagnosis can be excluded.
  • leave all rooms that were used to assess the suspected case vacant for at least 30 minutes after the consultation.
  • if returning home, patients should isolate at home until test results are available.
• Ensure on time vaccination for infants under the National Immunisation Program, at 12 months of age MMR (measles-mumps-rubella) and 18 months of age MMRV (measles-mumps-rubella-varicella).
• Offer a state-funded MMR vaccine to infants from 6 months of age who are travelling overseas. Infants who receive an MMR dose prior to 11 months will still need to receive two further doses at 12 and 18 months.
• Offer state-funded MMR vaccine to people born during or after 1966 who do not have documented evidence of receiving two doses of a measles-containing vaccine or documented evidence of immunity. A Medicare card is not required for state-funded MMR vaccine.
• Serology is not required before vaccinating.
• Refer to the Australian Immunisation Handbook – Measlesfor further guidance on immunisation.